Elementary Statistics In Education And Psychology

PREFACE

Education and psychology are the main disciplines in the division of human knowledge in behavioural science. Science is a collection of observations and experiences about certain behaviours intended to understand and communicate precisely and objectively through the process of Elementary Statistics and Measurement. Mathematics and statistics are the universal languages that are easily and powerfully utilized by any science, its terminology is very wide in numerals but well-defined. The verbal language communicates approximately but not objectively and the area traits. variables, characteristics or a phenomenon accurately and objectively. It is transformed by mathematics or statistics easily in thoughts. Elementary Statistics is a useful means to obtain precision and objectivity in the formulations.

Elementary Statistics focuses on making observations or data meaningful and drawing inferences on the basis of sample statistics. The process of measurement provides raw data that are meaningless and statistical analysis makes these data meaningful. The data indicate the sampling distribution. The sampling is an economical device to make the research work feasible and more functional because it is difficult or sometimes impossible to measure the population. The population parameters are estimated by sample statistics. This process is known as statistical inferences. This type of elementary statistics and analysis is termed parametric statistics. Such statistical techniques make assumptions about the parameters. Recently new statistical techniques make assumptions about the parameters. The new statistical techniques have been developed no assumption about the shape of the population, therefore it is also called the ‘ranking test’ or ‘order test’ Both types of statistical techniques. Parametric and non-parametric statistics have been discussed in this book.